Chapter III: Literature review

The Literature Review addresses prior research related to public spaces and provides a theoretical base for this investigation. The literature review covers the following topics: physical and functional issues, sociability, people's preferences and needs, security and microclimatic comfort of public spaces. These are factors addressed in this research, which influences the vitality of public spaces. It is important to mention that the following theories are organized in a manner that topics are discussed separated from each other, (so it can be better understood by the reader). However all are linked together and must therefore be seen as interrelated. Before merging into each of the theories addressed in this research it is important to first define some of the characteristics of public spaces and plazas. As the explanation develops it will be seen that many qualities that define these spaces will be extended subsequently through the different topics of this chapter. of gathering spaces. They are generally vegetated, and places where civic, cultural and social activities occur. These spaces are livable settings that play important role for community identity. Public spaces are a stage for public life, which promotes sense of community, sense of place, people connection, and therefore create a sense of belonging. Public spaces provide the opportunity for people to gather and enjoy experiences with others. Public spaces benefit cities economically, contributing significantly to the land use values of a city. Often, public spaces provide retreat from the automobile orientated life and locate in natural settings. The presence of green spaces in the city increases people's appreciation and awareness of the natural environments and provide habitat for the urban fauna. Public spaces are a mirror of social values, customs and culture and are a reflection of the interaction between physical, social, political and economic realities. They symbolize the larger society or culture in which they exist. Public spaces acquire meaning for people through the different functions, activities and roles in people's life. In these spaces people are able to exchange information, communicate local news and also provide a context for political behavior. Public spaces encourage social exchange, the formation and continuation of social groups and enable the transmission and exchange of important public messages. When public spaces and public life are missing in a community, residents become isolated from each other and are less likely to offer mutual help and support (Carr and Francis 1992).