Consequences and risk management.

Abstract This chapter proceeds by revisiting the notion of risk in a plant trade context. There are consequences for individuals, industry, regions, countries, and sometimes ecosystems associated with every risk management decision. Ideally, the risks associated with trade and with pests would be managed jointly by industry and government. Reality is not yet close to this ideal, therefore the consequences of the risk-risk tradeoffs inherent in plant trade risk management are noted. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to describing the range of economic consequences, positive and negative, associated with trade and pest risk management. This includes considering the positive and negative consequences of international trade as well as the consequences of risk management, which include potential losses attributable to pests through the costs of managing pest risks.