More on manipulating text.

Abstract This chapter provides more information on manipulating text, presenting two examples. Example 1 focuses on standardizing names in a phylogenetic tree description, using R to reformat taxon names, create lists, sort data and use wildcards for when some things you are interested in don't have exactly the same length. The example tree description concerns parasitoids of caterpillars at a study site that have been DNA barcoded and their possible taxonomic identities added automatically. Example 2 deals with substrings of unknown length. This example search for a numeric substring of unknown length but with a standard prefix, using data of some DNA sequences from a set of Aleiodes wasps. The trimming of white spaces and/or tabs, use of wildcards to locate internal letter strings, finding of suffixes, prefixes and specifying of letters, numbers and punctuation, manipulation of character case, ignoring of character case, and specifying of particular and modifiable character classes are briefly described.