Exploring Social Acceptability and Users’ Preferences of Head- and Eye-Based Interaction with Mobile Devices

Advancements in eye-tracking technology has compelled researchers to explore potential eye-based interactions with diverse devices. Though many commercial devices are now equipped with eye-tracking solutions (e.g., HTC VIVE Pro), little is known about users social acceptance and preference of eye-based interaction techniques, especially with smartphones. We report on three studies to explore users’ social acceptance and preferences regarding different head- and eye-based inputs with smartphones. Study results show that eye movements are more socially acceptable than other head- and eye-based techniques due to its subtle nature. Based on these findings, we further examine users preferences regarding saccade and pursuit eye movements. Results reveal users’ preference for saccade compared to pursuit eye movements. In a third study exploring delimiting actions to discriminate between intentional and unintentional eye-inputs, Dwell is shown as the preferred delimiter, both in public and private spaces. We conclude with design guidelines for eye-based interactions on smartphones.