Optimal Charging Scheme for Electric Vehicles (EVs) in SDN-based Vehicular Network, Scheduling, and Routing

Recent development in Electric Vehicles (EV s) has provoked an important demand increase at charging points with different charging modes, (fast-charging or slow-charging). However, the power resources at charging points and parking spaces are limited, hence developing an optimisation scheme for charging is required. In addition, there is an essential need to satisfy the user preferences in terms of time and price. To this end, this paper develops an optimal charging scheme for EV s aiming to meet the user preferences in terms of time and price. Furthermore, the main objective of this paper is to avoid the overload at the charging points by minimising the service time in terms of (travelling time, charging time, and waiting time), as well as considering different charging fee. Using the proposed scheme, the EV s customers become able to charge their batteries at a specific charging point and at a specific time. This paper also exploits the Software-Defined Network (SDN) and Cloud computing, which allows real-time interactions between the user and the service provider. Besides, this paper introduces a flexible system model that allows EV customers to make suitable decisions to select a charging point where a novel charging scheme is proposed. In addition, an advanced scheduling and routing algorithm is proposed to reduce the time cost. A comprehensive simulation has been performed for the Bucharest city map use case. The results show that the proposed approach achieves optimal performance. Moreover, different charging fee mechanisms for multiple charging options are considered to maximise the income of the charging system. Finally, the results indicate that load balancing at different charging points is achieved. These findings underpin the main contribution of this work.