Unified Signatures for Improving Performance in Transactional Memory

Transactional Memory (TM) promises to increase programmer productivity by making it easier to write correct parallel programs. In fulfilling this goal, a TM system should maximize its performance with limited hardware resources. Conflict detection is an essential element for maintaining correctness among concurrent transactions in a TM system. Hardware signatures have been proposed as an area-efficient method for detecting conflicts. However, signatures can degrade TM performance by falsely declaring conflicts. Hence, increasing the quality of signatures within a given hardware budget is a crucial issue for TM to be adopted as a mainstream programming model. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective signature design, unified signature. Instead of using separate read- and write-signatures, as is often done in TM systems, we implement a single signature to track all read- and write-accesses. By merging read- and write-signatures, a unified signature can effectively enlarge the signature size without additional overhead. Within the constraints of a given hardware budget, a TM system with a unified signature outperforms a baseline system with the same hardware budget by reducing the number of falsely detected conflicts. Even though the unified signature scheme incurs read-after-read dependencies, we show that these false dependencies do not negate the benefit of unified signatures for practical signature sizes. A TM system with 2K-bit unified signatures achieves average speedups of 22\% over baseline TM systems.