20世纪的工会与不平等:来自调查数据的新证据

H. Farber, Daniel Z. Herbst, I. Kuziemko, S. Naidu
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引用次数: 252

摘要

在过去的100年里,美国的收入不平等与工会密度成反比。但事实证明,要超越这种总体关系是困难的,部分原因是1973年之前有关工会成员的微观数据有限。我们开发了一个新的关于工会成员的微观数据来源,可以追溯到1936年,调查数据主要来自盖洛普(N≈98万),以研究工会与不平等之间的长期关系。我们记录了工会成员人口结构的巨大变化:当人口密度在本世纪中叶达到顶峰时,工会家庭的受教育程度远低于其他家庭,非白人家庭也更多,而在二战前和今天,他们在这些方面与非工会家庭更相似。然而,尽管自1936年以来组成和密度发生了巨大变化,但家庭工会保费相对稳定地保持在10到20个log点之间。我们用我们的数据来检验工会对收入不平等的影响。利用分布分解、时间序列回归、州-年回归,以及基于1935年工会合法化和二战时期战争劳工委员会的一种新的工具变量策略,我们发现了一致的证据,表明工会减少了不平等,这解释了20世纪30年代中期至40年代末不平等程度急剧下降的重要原因。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Unions and Inequality Over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence from Survey Data
U.S. income inequality has varied inversely with union density over the past 100 years. But moving beyond this aggregate relationship has proven difficult, in part because of limited microdata on union membership prior to 1973. We develop a new source of microdata on union membership dating back to 1936, survey data primarily from Gallup (N ≈ 980,000), to examine the long-run relationship between unions and inequality. We document dramatic changes in the demographics of union members: when density was at its mid-century peak, union households were much less educated and more nonwhite than other households, whereas pre-World War II and today they are more similar to nonunion households on these dimensions. However, despite large changes in composition and density since 1936, the household union premium holds relatively steady between 10 and 20 log points. We use our data to examine the effect of unions on income inequality. Using distributional decompositions, time series regressions, state-year regressions, as well as a new instrumental-variable strategy based on the 1935 legalization of unions and the World War II–era War Labor Board, we find consistent evidence that unions reduce inequality, explaining a significant share of the dramatic fall in inequality between the mid-1930s and late 1940s.
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