迈向网络平等:为认知残障人士提供无障碍网页的努力

Richard D. Hortizuela
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引用次数: 1

摘要

随着数字创新的快速发展,网络技术也在不断发展。考虑到这一点,让所有人都能访问网络成为了一个有趣的研究和发展方向。网络无障碍意味着网站、工具和技术的设计和开发,使残疾人可以在很少的监督下使用它们。更具体地说,人们可以感知、理解、导航并与网络交互。在过去的几年里,人们一直在尝试为有身体、视觉和感官障碍的网络用户实现网络可访问性。然而,有认知障碍的人并没有被视为一个用户群体,因此,他们远远落后于改善网络可访问性的目标人群。本文介绍了认知障碍者网络可访问性的现状概述。本文试图提出一个统一的网页可访问性的定义,并确定其组成部分。该研究确定了网页可访问性不一致的常见原因。此外,还介绍了不同的认知障碍及其相关问题。此外,本研究回顾了世界各国政府和私人组织所采取的各种干预措施。研究发现,对于有认知障碍的人来说,网站的可访问性并不是研究的重点,这导致了与可访问性指南的不一致,比如糟糕的界面设计,令人困惑的指南和说明,健壮性,以及缺乏满足有认知障碍的人需求的功能。结果表明,在每一种认知障碍中,即缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)、自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)、智力障碍、记忆障碍、感知障碍和癫痫发作障碍,人们在访问网络时都会遇到各种各样的困难,特别是在处理过多的内容或信息、混乱的说明、排版和语法方面。不同的亚洲和西方国家都制定了法律来解决这些困难。相比之下,其他国家和组织采用了万维网联盟(W3C)的网页可访问性指南。总而言之,随着各组织朝着网络平等的方向前进,政府可以主动地通过实施不同的法律和政策来推动WCAG 2.0,以此作为有效地协调网站设计的基础。此外,这项研究呼吁对认知障碍的网络可访问性进行广泛的研究,因为它不仅对社会弱势群体有价值,而且对其他人群也有价值。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Towards Web Equality: Efforts on Web Accessibility for Persons with Cognitive Disability
With the fast-paced development of digital innovations, web technologies are on the rise. With this in mind, making the web accessible for all became an interesting line of research and development. Web accessibility means that websites, tools, and technologies are designed and developed so that people with disabilities can use them with minimal to no supervision. More specifically, people can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the web. Over the past years, there have been attempts to achieve web accessibility for web users with physical, visual, and sensory disabilities. However, people with cognitive disabilities were not seen as a user group, thus, leaving them far behind the target general population for improving web accessibility. This paper presents an overview of the current state of web accessibility for people with cognitive disabilities. This paper attempts to come up with a unified definition of web accessibility and identify its components. The study identified the common reasons for the non-conformity of web accessibility. Moreover, the different cognitive disabilities and their linked issues are presented. Furthermore, this study reviews the various interventions made by governments and private organizations worldwide. The study uncovered that web accessibility for people with cognitive disabilities hadn’t been a priority for research which resulted in non-conformities with the accessibility guidelines such as poor interface design, confusing guides and instructions, robustness, and lack of features to cater to the needs of people with cognitive disabilities. Results show that in each kind of cognitive disability, namely Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Intellectual Disability, Memory Impairments, Perceptual Disability, and Seizure Disorder, people experience various difficulties in accessing the web, specifically on processing too much content or information, confusing instructions, typographies, and grammar. Laws have been imposed on different Asian and Western countries to address these difficulties. In contrast, other countries and organizations have adopted the Web Accessibility Guidelines of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). In conclusion, as organizations gear toward web equality, governments have the initiative to move towards the goal by implementing different laws and policies driving the WCAG 2.0 as a basis of these to orchestrate the design of websites effectively. Furthermore, this study calls for action for extensive research on web accessibility for cognitive disabilities as it is not only valuable to the vulnerable sector of society but also for the rest of the population.
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