A Bilevel Multi-Objective Model for Sustainable Road Pricing Design on A Bimodal Transport Network

This study proposes a bilevel multi-objective model to find road tolls for sustainable urban development on a bimodal transportation network. Three objectives, including minimization of total travel time budget, total exhaust emissions and negative impacts for health, are considered in the upper level model, which correspond to economic, environmental and social sustainability, respectively. Meanwhile, the lower level is a joint model of mode split and route choice for each individual traveler in which mode choice equilibrium follows the binary logit discrete choice model and path choice equilibrium is determined by a three-objective user equilibrium that achieves the travel time budget surplus (TBS) maximization. For solving the proposed bilevel optimization model, the paper develops an algorithm that combines the multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and a path-based traffic assignment algorithm. Then the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm are well demonstrated by a numerical example.