影响残疾人健康的社会和环境因素

E. Emerson
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引用次数: 2

摘要

有大量证据表明,残疾人的健康状况明显不如非残疾人。部分原因是卫生不公平(健康状况的差异是可以避免的、不公正和不公平的),这是由于残疾人越来越多地受到一系列公认的健康状况不佳的社会(和环境)决定因素的影响,包括贫困、获得有效教育的机会减少、缺乏就业或在危险或不稳定的条件下就业、社会脱节、暴力、歧视和卫生保健不佳。它们还包括人类活动直接造成的健康状况不佳的环境决定因素(例如,工业过程和运输造成的室外空气污染)。此外,与同龄人相比,残疾人往往不太可能获得许多资源(权力、财富、社会支持、解决问题的技能),而这些资源与面对逆境时增强的复原力有关。因此,我们似乎可以合理地预期,当接触到社会决定因素时,残疾人的健康恶化的可能性,如果不是更大的话,与非残疾人同龄人的健康恶化的可能性一样大。未来的研究需要关注两个关键问题。首先,鉴于目前的大部分证据来自高收入国家,未来的研究重点应放在生活在中低收入国家的残疾人的情况上。第二,需要更多地了解残疾人的复原力和/或脆弱性的决定因素。目前的证据基础仍然存在一些重大的局限性,但很明显,现有的知识足以推动和指导政策和实践的变化,从而减少残疾人面临的卫生不公平现象。这些措施包括:(a)提高残疾人在地方、国家和国际卫生监测系统中的可见度;(b)对医疗系统的运作作出“合理安排”,以确保残疾人士在获得医疗服务和医疗服务的质量方面不受到系统性歧视;(c)确保将残疾人纳入地方和国家战略,并使其平等受益,以减少人口接触公认的健康社会决定因素的程度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Among People With Disabilities
There is extensive evidence that people with disabilities experience significantly poorer health than their nondisabled peers. These are, in part, health inequities (differences in health status that are avoidable, unjust, and unfair) resulting from increased rates of exposure of people with disabilities to a range of well-established social (and environmental) determinants of poor health, including poverty, reduced access to effective education, lack of employment or employment under hazardous or precarious conditions, social disconnectedness, violence, discrimination, and poor healthcare. They also include environmental determinants of poor health that are a direct result of human activity (e.g., outdoor air pollution resulting from industrial processes and transportation). In addition, people with disabilities are often less likely than their peers to have access to many of the resources (power, wealth, social support, problem-solving skills) that have been linked to increased resilience in the face of adversity. As such, it would appear reasonable to expect that the health of people with disabilities is as likely, if not more so, to deteriorate, when exposed to social determinants, than the health of their nondisabled peers. Future research needs to focus on two key issues. First, given that most of the current evidence has been generated in high-income countries, it is critical for future research to focus on the situation of people with disabilities living in middle- and low-income countries. Second, more needs to be known about the determinants of the resilience and/or vulnerability of people with disabilities. Some significant limitations remain in the current evidence base, but it is clear that existing knowledge is sufficient to drive and guide changes in policy and practice that could reduce the health inequities faced by people with disabilities. These include (a) improving the visibility of people with disabilities in local, national, and international health surveillance systems; (b) making “reasonable accommodations” to the operation of healthcare systems to ensure that people with disabilities are not exposed to systemic discrimination in access to and the quality of healthcare; and (c) ensuring that people with disabilities are included in and benefit equally from local and national strategies to reduce population levels of exposure to well-established social determinants of health.
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