一般符号学视野下的语言问题

S. Abraham
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摘要

这篇文章是以几个基本假设为基础的。这是最主要的一个:一门叫做符号学的科学,正在我们眼前迅速发展,但它还没有为大多数追随者发展出一个标准的、可接受的科学范式。在不同国家兴起的学派,基于完全不同的立场,对它有不同的解释。例如,爱沙尼亚塔尔图市的这所学校的指导思想是,所有的迹象都产生于无生命的自然界,并在植物和包括人类在内的所有生物的生命中继续存在。因此,任何导致同样结果的原因都是这个结果的标志。哥德堡(瑞典)的符号学学派认为图像是所有其他符号形成的基础。许多符号学家,追随德索绪尔,相信语言符号是主导的和最初的符号,所有其他符号结构都遵循它们。这项工作的作者从一个假设出发,即符号仓库包含了非常不同的内容和非常不同的起源的符号。从大自然带给我们的自然迹象(我们看到烟,意味着有东西在燃烧;我们听到雷声(这意味着某个地方正在下雨),到数学中的符号,这些都来自人类的思想。这个系统包括语言结构和其他类型的符号。这些类型都不是主要的和决定性的;它们都是在人类文明发展的过程中,随着人类精神的增强和发展而诞生的。每一种都有自己的功能——例如,图像是所有艺术的基础,语言被要求解释每件事和每一个人。因此,每种类型的符号都是特定的,它们共同构成了一套完整的工具,我们可以用它来理解我们周围发生的事件并影响它们。对符号和符号系统的整个领域的完整而深刻的解释只能提供给一般符号学-它决定了每个特定符号主题的位置。这篇文章致力于对语言符号可能性的定义——它似乎是足够客观的,它以一种新的方式呈现了我们所熟悉的语言表现。什么是单词?什么是语法?什么是词典编纂?等。但是它从不同的角度,从符号学的角度来呈现它们。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Linguistic Problems in Light of General Semiotics
This article is based on several primary postulates. Here is the leading one: A science, called semiotics, which is rapidly developing before our eyes, has not yet developed a standard and acceptable scientific paradigm for most of its followers. It is interpreted in various ways by schools that have arisen in different countries, relying on completely different positions. The school from the Estonian city of Tartu, for example, is guided by the fact that all signs arose in inanimate nature and continued in the life of plants and all living beings, including humans. Thus, any cause leading to the same effect is a sign for this effect. The semiotic school in Gothenburg (Sweden) defends the thesis that images are the basis of all other sign formations. Many semioticians, following de Saussure, are convinced that linguistic signs are the leading and initial ones, and all other sign constructs follow them. The author of this work proceeds from the assumption that the symbolic storehouse contains signs for very different content and of very different origins. From natural signs that came to us from nature (we see smoke, it means something is burning; we hear thunder, it means that it is raining somewhere), to signs in mathematics, which all came from the human mind. Language constructions are included in this system along with signs of other types. None of these types is the leading and decisive one; all of them were born in the course of the development of human civilization, as the human spirit strengthened and developed. And each of them performs its own function – for example, images underlie all arts, and languages are called upon to explain everything and everyone. Therefore, each type of sign is specific, and all together they make up a complete set of tools with which we can understand the events taking place around us and influence them. A complete and deep explanation of the entire sphere of signs and sign systems is available only to general semiotics – it determines the place of each specific sign topic. This article is devoted to the definition of the possibilities of linguistic signs – it seems to be objective enough and it presents linguistic manifestations familiar to us in a new way. What is a word? What is grammar? What is lexicography? etc. But it presents them from a different point of view, from the point of view of semiotics.
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