Black box algorithms and the rights of individuals: no easy solution to the "explainability" problem

: Over the last few years, the interpretability of classification models has been a very active area of research. Recently, the concept of interpretability was given a more specific legal context. In 2016, the EU adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), containing the right to explanation for people subjected to automated decision-making (ADM). The regulation itself is very reticent about what such a right might imply. As a result, since the introduction of the GDPR there has been an ongoing discussion about not only the need to introduce such a right, but also about its scope and practical consequences in the digital world. While there is no doubt that the right to explanation may be very difficult to implement due to technical challenges, any difficulty in explaining how algorithms work cannot be considered a sufficient reason to completely abandon this legal safeguard. The aim of this article is twofold. First, to demonstrate that the interpretability of “black box” machine