Compact aggregate short-lived signatures for consortium consensus protocols

Cryptography and cryptographic primitives are widely considered to be the most important fundamental of blockchain that provide secure and anonymity guaranteed decentralized solutions. In the history of papers study cryptographic primitives used in blockchain, the focus has always been in the use cases of blockchain in different aspects of industry, example health care, IoT, information security, consensus building systems and some other fields. To the best of our knowledge, current cryptography techniques used in blockchain, or still theoretical but the security proof can be proven under certain security assumption, so can be used in blockchain has gathered numerous awareness in the last five years. In this paper, we fully review and analysis some cryptographic techniques used in designing a distributed consensus protocol that is efficient, decentralized, and flexible as a framework which are already used in blockchain. Take in consideration deploying a permissioned consensus like delegated proof-of-stack (DPoS) in the decentralized IOT applications is hard. The IOT systems needs to consider a larger data size and a larger span deployment. With this in mind we point to the special challenge for the IOT applications related to blockchain. Several modern cryptography techniques have been adopted to enhance the consensus process with respect to the computational overhead vs communication overhead and storage cost. Additionally, we re-examine non-interactive signature and public key aggregation in digital signature on different messages types and present a change in the aggregation scheme, as far as we know this is the first time that pairing become more faster in verify signatures, and to enable more transaction in the block.