Synthesis, Characterization and Bioapplications of Pristine Graphene: A Review

Graphene, ostensibly the strongest material to date, has been a topic of interest for engineers, scientists and researchers since its first isolation through mechanical exfoliation through forming mechanical cleavage of a graphite. The thickness of the sp2 hybridized carbon framework is only one atomic layer. The unique physical, electrochemical and optical properties, such as room temperature hall effect, large surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity caused from high electron mobility, make graphene become an attractive material in the fields of nanoelectronics, biosensing, biomedical engineering and related applications. The high demand of this material has led to the development of many synthesis methods and different characterization methods, and towards ensuring lower defects, high quality and large-scale production. In this paper, a comprehensive overlook of the electronic, physical and optical characteristics of graphene, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and integration level applications are reviewed with solely focusing on pristine graphene.