ParamMacros: Creating UI Automation Leveraging End-User Natural Language Parameterization

—Prior work in programming-by-demonstration (PBD) has explored ways to enable end-users to create custom automation without needing to write code. We propose a new end-user specifcation model – asking the end-user to explicitly identify parts of their natural language query that can be generalized. We built a PBD system, ParamMacros, where users frst generalize a concrete natural language question – identifying parameters and their possible values – and then create a demonstration of how to answer the question on the website of interest. ParamMacros then infers a generalized program by using the user-provided parameter values to identify relevant patterns in the website’s structure. In a lab study we found that participants were able to meaningfully parameterize natural language queries and felt such a parameterization and demonstration process would be useful for creating custom automation.