Electrical safety of electric vehicles

This paper discusses fundamental electrical safety issues, and the protection against electric shock of persons interacting with electric vehicles. The safety of users may be challenged by the vehicle's increased operating voltages, at different frequencies, possibly making more complex the protection against direct and indirect contacts. The electric safety of the vehicle is herein examined in both normal operating conditions, and in the case of electrical and/or mechanical failures; safety during charging is also examined. Solutions to improve safety are proposed, also in light of the evolution of the technology, and of applicable technical standards.