Exploiting Active Sub-Areas for Multi-Copy Routing in VDTNs

In Vehicle Delay Tolerant Networks (VDTNs), current routing algorithms select relay vehicles based on either vehicle encounter history or predicted future locations. The former method may fail to find relays that can encounter the target vehicle in a large-scale VDTN while the latter method may not provide accurate location prediction due to traffic variance. Therefore, these methods cannot achieve high performance in terms of routing success rate and delay. In this paper, we aim to improve the routing performance in VDTNs. We first analyze vehicle network traces and observe that i) each vehicle has only a few active sub-areas that it frequently visits, and ii) two frequently encountered vehicles usually encounter each other in their active sub-areas. We then propose Active Area based Routing method (AAR) which consists of two steps based on the two observations correspondingly. AAR first distributes a packet copy to each active sub-area of the target vehicle using a traffic-considered shortest path spreading algorithm, and then in each sub-area, each packet carrier tries to forward the packet to a vehicle that has high encounter frequency with the target vehicle. Extensive trace-driven simulation demonstrates that AAR produces higher success rates and shorter delay in comparison with the state-of-the-art routing algorithms in VDTNs.