Retinal organisation in goldeye and mooneye (Teleostei: hiodontidae).

This paper presents the results of a comparative investigation of the retinas of two Hiodontids, the goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) and the Mooneye (H. tergisus) employing light and electron microscopy, cell isolation techniques as well as microspectrophotometry. Contrary to the observations of previous workers these species possess a duplex retina. The photoreceptors are bundled in groups of 20 rods and 20 cones. They exhibit features which have hitherto not been observed in vertebrates. These are a) an ellipsoid divided in two parts by the myoid: b) tubules in cone outer segments and, c) large "lateral sacs" (accessory outer segments). Cones are immobile but the rods and epithelial pigment are capable of movement (retinomotor responses). The prominent reflecting layer consists of cuboid and rod-like crystals composed of uric acid. The inner layers are made up of three tiers of large horizontal cells, one of amacrine cells and scarce bipolar and ganglion cells. Bundle density is 1 700 per sq. mm. Roughly, one receptor bundle projects onto one bipolar and one ganglion cell suggesting that each bundle acts as a functional unit. The visual pigment of the mooneye absorbs maximally at 535 +/- 2 nm, and is based on vitamin A2 (porphyropsin). We suggest that all non deep-sea fishes with bundled receptors have duplex retinas and the adaptive mechanisms for vision in turbid waters are based on different morphological means as illustrated by the comparison with Stizostedion.