The surgical treatment of hypertension.

Although a review of other surgical procedures would now have only historical value, there are 3 areas of effort where more direct effort has yielded some useful results. All of these have either fallen into disuse or were never commonly used because better drug therapies were meanwhile developed. Those procedures were: (1) Thoracolumbar sympathectomy and/or splanchnicectomy, (2) Adrenalectomy: total or subtotal, with or without sympathectomy, and (3) Chronic stimulation of carotid sinus nerve. ,