Cyanobacterial toxins.

Abstract Cyanobacteria are capable of producing a wide range of low-molecular-weight toxic compounds, largely identified as a result of poisoning incidents and through meticulous screening of cyanobacterial strains and blooms. Their molecular modes of action vary and can include hepatotoxic and neurotoxic effects in acute doses. Furthermore, long-term exposure to cyanobacterial toxins has been implicated in a number of human health conditions, from primary liver cancer to human neurodegenerative disease. Through various routes and media, exposure to cyanobacterial toxins can occur and toxicological and quantitative assessment of cyanobacterial blooms should be performed to help minimize adverse effects on human and animal health. Management and treatment of cyanobacterial blooms can, in the long term, prevent periodic exposure to these toxic compounds.