Fingerprinting Wi-Fi Devices Using Software Defined Radios

Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), is emerging as the primary medium for wireless Internet access. Cellular carriers are increasingly offloading their traffic to Wi-Fi Access Points to overcome capacity challenges, limited RF spectrum availability, cost of deployment, and keep up with the traffic demands driven by user generated content. The ubiquity of Wi-Fi and its emergence as a universal wireless interface makes it the perfect tracking device. The Wi-Fi offloading trend provides ample opportunities for adversaries to collect samples (e.g., Wi-Fi probes) and track the mobility patterns and location of users. In this work, we show that RF fingerprinting of Wi-Fi devices is feasible using commodity software defined radio platforms. We developed a framework for reproducible RF fingerprinting analysis of Wi-Fi cards. We developed a set of techniques for distinguishing Wi-Fi cards, most are unique to the IEEE802.11a/g/p standard, including scrambling seed pattern, carrier frequency offset, sampling frequency offset, transient ramp-up/down periods, and a symmetric Kullback-Liebler divergence-based separation technique. We evaluated the performance of our techniques over a set of 93 Wi-Fi devices spanning 13 models of cards. In order to assess the potential of the proposed techniques on similar devices, we used 3 sets of 26 Wi-Fi devices of identical model. Our results, indicate that it is easy to distinguish between models with a success rate of 95%. It is also possible to uniquely identify a device with 47% success rate if the samples are collected within a 10s interval of time.