01 APS in SLE patients: best treatment practice

use of antibiotics is not recommended, nevertheless a low index of suspicion to diagnose an infection – including possible Pneumocystis pneumonia – and commence antibiotics promptly is warranted in high-risk groups including elderly or neutropenic patients, those with comorbidities (e.g. diabetes) or who are receiving glucocorticoids. Osteoporosis and fragility fractures are potentially avoidable and readily treated comorbidities in patients with SLE. 14 Factors impacting adversely on bone mass density, particularly chronic use of glucocorticoids, should be corrected. Osteoprotective and/or anti-osteoporotic interventions should be similar to those in the general population or patients with other chronic inflammatory disorders, yet caution is recommended in cases of kidney disease and reduced glomerular filtration rate. To this end, SLE patients should also be screened for vitamin D insufficiency, which should be corrected considering its presumed multifaceted effects on the disease.