鲁道夫·韦尔在抗击伤寒中的疫苗

B. Kuzminov, V. Smolnytska
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Brazilian researcher Enrique da Rocha Lima differentiated described in detail and gave a specific name to the causative agent of typhus in 1916. In 1920, GW Epstein, as well as S. Burt Weilbach, John L. Todd and FW Palfrey in 1922 confirmed the etiological significance of R. Prowazekii in the presence of typhus. Biological and morphological characteristics, the life cycle of the pathogen and the impossibility of reproduction on artificial nutrient media were established. The aim of the study. According to the study of scientific sources to investigate the history of the technology of R. Weigl vaccine against epidemic typhus from its first series obtained in the laboratory and from 1930, when its production began, the period covering the 20-30s of the twentieth century. To establish that the scientific achievements of the scientists are not only the history of microbiology and virology, it is relevant today. Materials and methods. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

介绍。疫苗接种克服了困扰人类数千年的传染病,在历史上取得了突破。20世纪的特点是发明了防治流行性斑疹伤寒的疫苗,这已成为战胜这种疾病的唯一拯救。该疫苗的历史以波兰著名科学家、利沃夫大学教授鲁道夫·魏格尔(Rudolf Weigl)研制的第一种有效的流行性斑疹伤寒疫苗为例进行了发展,研究了疫苗的发展历史和在人体弓根(Pediculus humanus corporis)肠道中培养proproazekii弧菌的方法。立克次体Рrowazekii——由蚜虫(人类体虱)传播的流行性斑疹伤寒的病原体,在人类历史上造成的死亡人数超过了所有已知的战争。1916年,巴西研究人员恩里克·达·罗查·利马对斑疹伤寒病原体进行了详细的区分和描述,并给出了具体的名称。1920年,GW Epstein,以及S. Burt Weilbach, John L. Todd和FW Palfrey在1922年证实了R. Prowazekii在斑疹伤寒中的病原学意义。确定了病原菌的生物学和形态学特征、生命周期以及在人工营养培养基上繁殖的不可能性。研究的目的。根据对科学资料的研究,从实验室获得的第一个系列到1930年开始生产的预防流行性斑疹伤寒的R. Weigl疫苗的技术历史,这一时期涵盖了20世纪20-30年代。要确定科学家的科学成就不仅是微生物学和病毒学的历史,而且与今天有关。材料和方法。采用内容分析法对斑疹伤寒疫苗研究进行系统分析。科学研究的实施始于对R. Weigl及其学生的科学著作的回顾性分析。来源选择在利沃夫档案馆和科学图书馆以及利沃夫国立医科大学流行病学和卫生研究所,在科学计量数据库PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar中按关键词进行选择:对英文、乌克兰文、波兰文、法文和俄文的174篇科学著作进行了分析,并选择了资料来源,其中涉及研制预防斑疹伤寒的疫苗、生产技术、应用效率等问题。结果。这种疫苗是由Rudolf Weigl教授研制的,他是在实验室虱子群体的肠道中培养和积累这种疾病的病原体- proproazekii的方法的作者,尽管其制备过程很复杂,但20多年来它是控制斑疹伤寒的唯一免疫生物学药物。结论。我们应该感谢鲁道夫·威格尔和他的学生,他们经常以生命为代价研究R. Рrowazekii,并开发了一种预防斑疹伤寒的疫苗,这种疫苗已导致地球上数百万人死亡。接种全剂量的R. Weigl疫苗并不能保证预防感染,但可以降低发病率,完全消除死亡率,并促进流行性斑疹伤寒的发展。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Rudolf Weil’s Vaccine in the Fight Against Typhemic
Introduction. Vaccination has made a breakthrough in history by overcoming the infectious diseases that have plagued humanity for millennia. The twentieth century was marked by the invention of vaccines against epidemics typhus, which have become the only salvation in overcoming this disease. The history of the vaccine was developed on the example of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus, developed by a prominent Polish scientist, professor at the University of Lviv Rudolf Weigl, the history of vaccine development and the method of culturing R. Prowazekii in the intestine of Pediculus humanus corporis was studied. From Rickettsia Рrowazekii – the causative agent of epidemic typhus transmitted by aphids (Pediculus humanus corporis) in the history of mankind killed more people than in all known wars. Brazilian researcher Enrique da Rocha Lima differentiated described in detail and gave a specific name to the causative agent of typhus in 1916. In 1920, GW Epstein, as well as S. Burt Weilbach, John L. Todd and FW Palfrey in 1922 confirmed the etiological significance of R. Prowazekii in the presence of typhus. Biological and morphological characteristics, the life cycle of the pathogen and the impossibility of reproduction on artificial nutrient media were established. The aim of the study. According to the study of scientific sources to investigate the history of the technology of R. Weigl vaccine against epidemic typhus from its first series obtained in the laboratory and from 1930, when its production began, the period covering the 20-30s of the twentieth century. To establish that the scientific achievements of the scientists are not only the history of microbiology and virology, it is relevant today. Materials and methods. Content analysis, a method of systematic analysis of research on the typhus vaccine, was used. The implementation of scientific research began with a retrospective analysis of the scientific works of R. Weigl and his students. Selection of sources was carried out in the archives and scientific libraries of Lviv and the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, in scientometric databases PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar by keywords: lice, typhus, rubella, R. Prowazekii. 174 scientific works in English, Ukrainian, Polish, French and Russian were analyzed and sources were selected in which the issue of creating a vaccine against typhus, technology of its production, efficiency of application was covered. Results. The vaccine, developed by Professor Rudolf Weigl, author of the method of cultivating and accumulating the causative agent of this disease – R. Prowazekii in the intestine of the laboratory population of lice, despite the complexity of its preparation, for over 20 years was the only immunobiological drug to control typhus. Conclusions. We should be grateful to Rudolf Weigl and his students, who have often studied R. Рrowazekii at the cost of their lives and developed a vaccine against typhus, which has killed millions of people on our planet. Vaccination with a full dose of R. Weigl’s vaccine does not guarantee protection against infection, but reduces morbidity, completely eliminates mortality and facilitates the course of epidemic typhus.
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