Hybrid Deep Learning CNN-Bidirectional LSTM and Manhattan Distance for Japanese Automated Short Answer Grading: Use case in Japanese Language Studies

This paper discusses the development of an Automatic Essay Grading System (SIMPLE-O) designed using hybrid CNN and Bidirectional LSTM and Manhattan Distance for Japanese language course essay grading. The most stable and best model is trained using hyperparameters with kernel sizes of 5, filters or CNN outputs of 64, a pool size of 4, Bidirectional LSTM units of 50, and a batch size of 64. The deep learning model is trained using the Adam optimizer with a learning rate of 0.001, an epoch of 25, and using an L1 regularization of 0.01. The average error obtained is 29%.