A NOTE ON PORTUGUESE REACTIONS TO THE REVIVAL OF THE RED SEA SPICE TRADE AND THE RISE OF ATJEH, 1540-1600

No reputable historian nowadays maintains that the Portuguese 16th- century thalassocracy in the Indian Ocean was always and everywhere completely effective. In particular, it is widely accepted that there was a marked if erratic revival in the Red Sea spice-trade shortly after the first Turkish occupation of Aden in 1538, though much work remains to be done on the causes and effects of this development. The Portuguese reactions to the rise of Atjeh have been studied chiefly in connection with the frequent fighting in the Straits of Malacca; and the economic side of the struggle has been less considered. The connection of Atjeh with the revival of the Red Sea spice-trade has been insufficiently stressed; though Mrs. Meilink-Roelofsz and Dr. V. Magalh?es Godinho have some relevant observations on this point in their recent and well docu mented works (Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago, 1500-1630, The Hague, 1962, pp. 142-46; Os Descobrimentos e a Econom?a Mundial, Vol. II, Lisboa, 1967, pp. Ill - 171). The purpose of this paper is to amplify the facts and figures which they give there, in the hope that someone with the necessary linguistic qualifications will be incited to make comple mentary researches in the relevant Indonesian, Arabian, or Turkish sources. I am not concerned here with the origins of Atjehnese-Portuguese enmity, nor with the founding of the Atjehnese empire by Sultan Ali Mughayat Shah, who conquered Daya to the west and Pedir (Pidie) and Pase to the east.1 By the time of his death in or about the year 1530, the Atjehnese had captured so many cannon from the P'ortuguese that the contemporary chronicler, Fern?o Lopes de Castanheda, averred that the Sultan "was much better supplied with