日本Jōmon时期的暴力和气候变化

Hisashi Nakao, Tomomi Nakagawa, Kohei Tamura, Yuji Yamaguchi, N. Matsumoto, Takehiko Matsugi
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引用次数: 1

摘要

人们普遍认为,气候变化在历史上对人类生活的各个方面都产生了重大影响。人们普遍指出,最近的全球变暖可能会导致灾难性的后果,包括频繁的干旱和海平面上升导致的沿海地区淹没(IPCC, 2013 - 2014)。史前数据还表明,过去的生活受到气候变化的强烈影响。几乎所有的学者都同意,在最后一个冰期,较低的海平面使人类能够迁移到以前无人居住的环境,例如进入日本群岛和新世界。气候变化也引起了根本性的社会变化(Dougals etal ., 2015;Hoggath et al., 2016);就日本而言,大量文献表明,气候变化改变了生活方式元素,并带来了挑战,激发了技术创新,如陶器和石头抛射点(例如,Anzai, 2014;Kawahata et al., 2017;Morisaki et al., 2015;2018;佐藤和森崎,2011)。气候变化可能是人类社会活动变化的一个重要原因。一些研究人员认为,随着时间的推移,气候变化和战争也密切相关,他们预测,暴力反应在未来将是常见的(例如,Ember和Ember, 1992;Hsiang et al., 2011;Keeley, 1996;Meyer et al., 2015;奥特贝因,2004;Scheff ran等人,2012;Zhang等人,2007)。一种假设的机制与缺乏食物有关;气候变化改变了当地环境,可能导致依赖环境的粮食来源短缺。尽管最近的研究表明,智人的传播是导致全球体型偏大灭绝的主要原因,但大型哺乳动物的灭绝被归咎于从末次冰期凉爽干燥的气候到温暖的间冰期的过渡(Smith et al., 2018)。奥特拜因(2004,第66 - 68页)认为,大型猎物数量的减少是史前狩猎采集者暴力增加的一个重要原因。Meyer等人(2015,p. 11221)也提出,在新石器时代欧洲LBK文化中发现的频繁战争部分是由干旱等气候变化事件引起的。Keeley(1996,第140页,加上了粗体字)似乎认为气候变化是战争频繁发生的主要原因,他说:“越来越肯定的是,许多史前地区的激烈战争都与生态和气候变化造成的困难时期相吻合。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Violence and climate change in the Jōmon period, Japan
There is wide agreement that climate change has signifi cantly impacted various aspects of human life throughout history. Recent global warming, it is commonly pointed out, may result in devastating consequences including frequent droughts and the submergence of coastal areas due to rising sealevels (IPCC, 2013– 2014 ). Prehistoric data also suggest that past lives were strongly infl uenced by climate change. Almost all scholars agree that lower sealevels during the last glacial period allowed humans to migrate into previously uninhabited environments, to enter the Japanese archipelago and the New World, for example. Climate change has also caused fundamental societal changes (Dougals et al., 2015 ; Hoggath et al., 2016 ); for Japan, a vast amount of literature suggests that climate change has modifi ed lifestyle elements and created challenges that inspired technological innovations such as pottery and stone projectile points (e.g., Anzai, 2014 ; Kawahata et al., 2017 ; Morisaki et al., 2015 ; 2018 ; Sato and Morisaki, 2011 ). Climate change can be an important causal factor for change in human social activities. Some researchers have argued that climate change and warfare have also been closely connected over time and they predict that violent responses will be common in the future (e.g., Ember and Ember, 1992 ; Hsiang et al., 2011 ; Keeley, 1996 ; Meyer et al., 2015 ; Otterbein, 2004 ; Scheff ran et al., 2012 ; Zhang et al., 2007 ). One postulated mechanism involves a lack of food; climate change alters local environments, potentially leading to shortages in environmentally dependent food sources. The transition from the cool, dry climate of the last glacial period to the warm interglacial period has been blamed for the extinction of large mammals, although recent studies suggest that the spread of Homo sapiens was the main cause of global sizebiased extinction (Smith et al., 2018 ). Otterbein ( 2004 , pp. 66– 68) argued that such a decrease in numbers of big game was an important cause of an increase in violence among prehistoric huntergatherers. Meyer et al. ( 2015 , p. 11221) also suggested that frequent warfare found in the LBK culture of Neolithic Europe had been caused partly by climate change events such as drought. Keeley ( 1996 , p. 140, italics added) seems to consider climate change a dominant cause of the frequent occurrence of warfare, saying, “it is becoming increasingly certain that many prehistoric cases of intensive warfare in various regions correspond with hard times created by ecological and climatic changes .” While it is clear that some recent civil confl icts have been strongly infl uenced by global
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