Recent Developments in Unstructured Aggregation-Based Upscaling for Simulation Workflows and Applications

New developments in unstructured aggregation-based upscaling are presented that improve the flexibility of coarsening designs and enable a more integrated reservoir simulation workflow. Field cases and synthetic tests demonstrate the advantages of the method compared to legacy upscaling methods and fine scale simulations. Aggregation-based upscaling has recently emerged as a favorable alternative to conventional upscaling methods in reservoir simulation workflows. We outline these developments and describe algorithms used to compute flexible aggregation schemes, coarse transmissibility, and upscaled well indices. The main value additions are, the ability to selectively coarsen and adapt areal and vertical resolution based on geological features, areas of interest, and/or stratigraphic layer metrics resulting in improved accuracy, the improved simplicity and robustness resulting from avoiding the explicit creation of coarse grids and maintaining one grid for earth modeling and reservoir simulation workflows, and the broad applicability to fields modeled by many grid types including unstructured grids and discrete fracture models. The aggregation-based upscaling methodology is tested in the simulation of some synthetic benchmarks, and of full field models. Comparisons are provided to fine scale simulations in each case, and to legacy upscaling simulations, wherever practically feasible. The most important findings are the seamless integration afforded by the new workflow by eliminating the need for the coarse simulation grid, the significant savings in user interaction time and computational time, and the overall improvement in accuracy, when compared to legacy upscaling workflows. This is important because reservoir engineers operate on tight deadlines to complete projects, and because the logistical challenges of handling fine and coarse grids are significant for studies that involve multiple reservoir model realizations.