List of Maps and Illustrations

Fig. 1.0 The Hereford mappa mundi, c.1300 oriented and centring on Jerusalem. Public domain, Wikimedia Commons 10 Fig. 1.1 St Olav, Rex perpetuum Norvegie. Detail of portable ivory altar, early fourteenth century, National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA, John Lee, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 12 Fig. 1.2 Scenes from the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. Altar panel from Nedstryn Church, Western Norway, 1270–1300. University Museum of Bergen. Photo: Svein Skare © Universitetsmuseet i Bergen 25 Fig. 1.3 Civitas Hierusalem. Central part of the gilt altar panel from Lisbjerg Church, 1135. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: John Lee, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 36 Fig. 1.4 Taking the cross for Jerusalem. Relief above the portal of the southern transept, Ribe Cathedral, early thirteenth century. Watercolour by J. Kornerup, 1865. National Museum of Denmark. Public domain, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 38 Fig. 2.1 Wooden stick with runic inscription mentioning Jerusalem [iaurrusalem], thirteenth century. Excavated from Trondheim city centre 1973—1985. NTNU, Vitenskapsmuseet, Trondheim 42 Fig. 3.1 Roman soldiers carrying the menorah from the Temple of Jerusalem. Relief from the Arch of Titus, Rome, 81–85 CE. Photo: Roger Jensen 53 Fig. 4.0 Mail-clad knights fighting sword in hand below a scene from the life of St Nicholas. Murals in the nave of Aal Church, Jutland, c. 1200–1225. Photo: Martin Wangsaard Jürgensen 56 Fig. 4.1 Mølen, a portion of the coastline in Vestfold, South-Eastern Norway, identified with Old Norse Nesjar, site of the battle between King Olav Haraldsson and Svein Haakonson at Palm Sunday 1016. Photo: Arnstein Rønning, CC BY-SA 3.0 61 Fig. 4.2 Full-page miniature of Christ’s entry into Jerusalem, preceding the benediction for Palm Sunday, in the Benedictional of St Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester 963–984. British Library, Add MS 49598, f. 45v 65 Fig. 5.1 Tadeus Rijchter, St Olav. Copy of mural on column in the Nativity Church, Bethlehem. Gouache on paper, 180 × 110 cm © Frederiksborg Castle, Museum of National History. Photo: Kit Weis 86 Fig. 5.2 Tadeus Rijchter, St Knud. Copy of mural on column in the Nativity Church, Bethelem. Gouache on paper, 180 × 110 cm © Frederiksborg Castle, Museum of National History. Photo: Kit Weis 90 Fig. 6.1 Orkney, Kirkwall. St Magnus Cathedral. Photo: Robert Scarth, CC BY-SA 2.0 126 Fig. 6.2 Orkney, Orphir. Ruined round church, early twelfth century. Photo: Kjartan Hauglid 129 Fig. 7.1 The ruin of St Olav’s Church of the Premonstratensian monastery in Tønsberg, twelfth century. Photo: Kjell Oscar Bakker 132 Fig. 8.1 The Dagmar Cross, front. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA; Lennart Larsen, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 140 Fig. 8.2 The Dagmar Cross, reverse. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA; Lennart Larsen, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 150 Fig. 8.3 The Roskilde Cross. National Museum of Denmark. Photo: CC BY-SA; Lennart Larsen, Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen 152