什么时候该改变你的态度?未配对和配对的雄性鹪鹩对人为噪音的反应不同

E. Grabarczyk, M. Pipkin, M. Vonhof, S. Gill
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引用次数: 9

摘要

为了应对人为噪声,许多鸟类会调整它们的鸣叫频率,可能是为了优化鸣叫传输和克服噪声掩蔽。但是,在繁殖的不同阶段,根据潜在接收器的位置,歌曲调整的成本可能大于收益。自然选择可能会让未配对的雄性改变它们的鸣声,因为它们的鸣声是为了吸引分布广泛的雌性,而成对的雄性则可能不会,因为配偶和邻居是它们鸣声的主要接受者。我们假设雄性鹪鹩(Troglodytes aedon)对噪音的反应不同,这取决于它们的配对状态。为了验证我们的假设,我们合成了一种模仿人为噪音的粉红色噪音,并在配对和未配对的焦点雄性的领地上以三种强度播放。我们记录了它们的鸣声,并分析了鸣声结构是否随配对状态和噪声处理而变化。为了验证我们的研究设计,我们测试了噪音回放是否影响了谱歌特征的测量,并改变了焦点雄性领地内的噪音水平。与我们的预测一致,未配对的雄鸟与成对的雄鸟唱歌的方式不同,它们唱的歌更长,唱的频率更高。与预测相反,成对的雄性在高强度噪音播放时通过增加峰值频率来改变它们的歌声,而未成对的雄性则没有。如果在噪音中调整鸣声频率有利于远距离交流,那么我们就可以预料到单身的雄性会改变鸣声来回应噪音。通过调整鸣声频率,成对的雄鸟减少掩蔽,发出更容易听到的鸣声。然而,如果雌鸟更喜欢低频率的鸣声,那么孤雄可能会受到雌鸟偏好的限制。或者,如果噪音调节是后天习得的,并且随着经验或质量的变化而变化,那么在我们的研究人群中,未配对的男性可能是更年轻、经验不足或质量较低的男性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
When to change your tune? Unpaired and paired male house wrens respond differently to anthropogenic noise
In response to anthropogenic noise, many bird species adjust their song frequency, presumably to optimize song transmission and overcome noise masking. But the costs of song adjustments may outweigh the benefits during different stages of breeding, depending on the locations of potential receivers. Selection might favor unpaired males to alter their songs because they sing to attract females that may be widely dispersed, whereas paired males might not if mates and neighbors are primary receivers of their song. We hypothesized male house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) respond differently to noise depending on their pairing status. To test our hypothesis we synthesized pink noise, which mimics anthropogenic noise, and played it at three intensities in territories of paired and unpaired focal males. We recorded their songs and analyzed whether song structure varied with pairing status and noise treatment. To validate our study design, we tested whether noise playback affected measurement of spectral song traits and changed noise levels within territories of focal males. Consistent with our predictions, unpaired males sang differently than paired males, giving longer songs at higher rates. Contrary to predictions, paired males changed their songs by increasing peak frequency during high intensity noise playback, whereas unpaired males did not. If adjusting song frequency in noise is beneficial for long-distance communication we would have expected unpaired males to change their songs in response to noise. By adjusting song frequency, paired males reduce masking and produce a song that is easier to hear. However, if females prefer low frequency song, then unpaired males may be constrained by female preference. Alternatively, if noise adjustments are learned and vary with experience or quality, unpaired males in our study population may be younger, less experienced, or lower quality males.
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