A History of Kneeland-Bigelow, 1901–29: The Economics of Lumbering During the Post-White Pine Era in Michigan

22 Forest &Conservation History 36 (january 1992) When pine lumbering in Michigan was nearing its end at the beginning of the twentieth century, there were still large areas of hardwood and hemlock, sometimes mixed with pine, north of the forty-fourth parallel (which coincides with the north shore of Saginaw Bay). This article describes the lumbering of some of these areas by the KneelandBigelow Company (KB). KB was organized by men experienced in pine lumbering, but operating in a new way to adapt to the changed environment. After their initial logging, they retained ownership of most of the land, intending to log again when the second growth matured. But their plans to practice sustained-yield forestry were frustrated by economic events,'