The View from the East: Cleopatra and Mark Antony (38–31 BC)

A discussion of what coinage can add to our understanding of the relationship between Mark Antony and Cleopatra. An introduction to the monetary system of Ptolemaic Egypt is provided, followed by an overview of how the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra was publicly presented on their coin issues. The role of Antony's supporters (Atratinus and Sosius) is explored, as are the effects of the Donations of Alexandria. Provincial coinage is used to demonstrate the support that Antony, Cleopatra, and their circle received in the eastern Mediterranean. These coins also shed light on the honours given by Antony to inhabitants in the region, and those the provincial elite gave to Antony. Finally, Antony's legionary denarii are discussed - these issues were struck in the lead up to the Battle of Actium, and were used by Octavian after his final victory. The continued circulation of Antony's coins well into the third century is demonstrated, highlighting Antony's continued presence on Roman money even after his defeat.