The relationship between confusion and metacognitive strategies in Betty's Brain

Confusion has been shown to be prevalent during complex learning and has mixed effects on learning. Whether confusion facilitates or hampers learning may depend on whether it is resolved or not. Confusion resolution, behind which is the resolution of cognitive disequilibrium, requires learners to possess some skills, but it is unclear what these skills are. One possibility may be metacognitive strategies (MS), strategies for regulating cognition. This study examined the relationship between confusion and actions related to MS in Betty's Brain, a computer-based learning environment. The results revealed that MS behavior differed during and outside confusion. However, confusion resolution was not related to MS behavior, and MS did not moderate the effect of confusion on learning.