On the numerical solution of Volterra and Fredholm integral equations using the fractional spline function method

In this article, the researchers develop a new type of spline function with fractional order which constructs two distinct formulas for the proposed method by using fractional boundary conditions and fractional continuity conditions. These methods are used to solve linear Volterra and Fredholm-integral equations of the second kind. The convergence analysis is studied. Moreover, some numerical examples are provided and compared to illustrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed methods.