城市地区道路运输引起的空气污染的管理:尼日利亚奥韦里的案例研究

Onyeka JO, Obi LE, Igiri VC
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摘要

随着人类活动的急剧增加,对环境的关注也在继续增加。其中一个环境问题就是空气污染。造成空气污染的一个主要因素是道路运输活动。本文以尼日利亚奥韦里为案例研究,旨在为城市地区道路运输造成的空气污染提供一种管理战略。在Owerri进行了一项实地研究,以确定乘客的总需求、乘用车的数量和混合,并在城市的五个地点测量由道路运输引起的三种主要空气污染物。实地调查结果显示,现有通勤车辆的比例分别为56.2:63.7:19.6:1.6:1,沙龙、货车、小巴、云霄巴士和大型巴士共85,950辆,空气环境污染物水平高于建议标准。为了实现10:33:53:14:1的混合比例,减少交通量和目标空气污染物,开发了一种新的模式。分析表明,在交通拥堵和向环境排放污染物方面,小巴和云霄巴士比沙龙车、货车和大型巴士有优势。可以说,这两种公交车的人均污染物排放量最少。对这些公交车给予更高优先级的最佳车辆混合已被证明可以减少40%的拥堵,减少40%的一氧化碳,减少50%的二氧化氮和50%的甲烷。因此,建议采用10:33:53:14:1的车辆组合,为沙龙:旅行车:小巴:过山车:大型巴士,以满足Owerri通勤者的交通需求。报告的结论是,政府应该采用“推拉”战略中的经济手段,利用抑制和激励措施,将道路运输转向使用小型和过山车公共汽车,作为减少城市空气污染的一种有意的手段。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Management of road transport-induced air pollution in urban areas: A case study of Owerri, Nigeria
Environmental concerns have continued to be on the increase as human activities soar. One such environmental concern is air pollution. A major contributor to air pollution is the road transportation activities. This paper sets out to provide a management strategy for air pollution owing to road transportation in urban areas, with Owerri Nigeria as a case study. A field study was conducted in Owerri to ascertain the total passenger requirement, number and mix of passenger vehicles as well as measure three main road transport-induced air pollutants at five locations in the city. The result of the field work showed existing commuter vehicles mix of 56.2:63.7: 19.6:1.6:1 of salons, wagons, mini-buses, coaster buses and big buses respectively, of a total of 85,950 vehicles and air ambient pollutants level higher than the recommended standards. A new model was developed to achieve a remix of 10:33:53: 14:1 of same vehicle types and reduction in traffic volume and target air pollutants. The analyses show that mini-buses and coaster buses have advantage over salon cars, wagon vehicles and big buses in terms of traffic congestions and pollutants release into the environment. The two bus types could be said to have least pollutants release per passenger carried. An optimal vehicle remix, which gives higher priority to these buses have been shown to reduce congestion by 40%, Carbon monoxide by 40%, Nitrogen Dioxide by 50% and Methane by 50%. It therefore recommends that vehicular remix of 10:33:53: 14:1, for salon: wagon: mini-buses: coaster buses: big buses be adopted for Owerri commuters’ transportation need. It concludes that governments should adopt economic instruments embedded in a “push and pull” strategy, leveraging on disincentive and incentive measures to skew road transportation to the use of mini and coaster buses as a deliberate means of reducing air pollution in cities.
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