用于远程声学和地震测量的水下次声谐振器

A. Morozov, D. Webb
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The elastic membrane supports high volume displacement with a large radiation aperture and prevents cavitation damage. Large volume displacement and velocity support the large radiation power. The sound sources have very small coupling effects in water and can work together in a large phased array. An infra-sound transducer with a resonator in the form of an underwater bubble or balloon made from an elastic material is different from the known engineering solution in the way of seismic wave generating. However, the physics of the dynamics is similar to the physics of air released from an air-gun. The equation of the dynamics of spherical bubbles was first derived and used by Rayleigh (1917) and then Plesset (1949). The most general form of the equation of the dynamics with additional terms due to surface tension and viscous effects in the bubble surface condition is widely known as the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The equation derived from the general Navier-Stokes equation and is non-linear and includes components, which are important for infra-sound oscillations with high amplitude. The practical bubble has a shape different from spherical. Its internal pressure oscillations are comparable with the difference of static gravity forces and acoustic-gravity oscillations and are part of its dynamics. The real Q-factor of a practical bubble is smaller than theoretical. The real problems of a practical giant bubble resonator are considered in the present project. This research includes the simplified linear acoustic model of the bubble and complete 2D and 3D finite-element analysis of an engineering structure and membrane material. The theoretical research and computer simulation predict the experimental research in the Teledyne acoustical pool and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s dock. Different variety of drivers were tested. The membrane dynamics study included bubble shape deformation due to gravitational effects. The acoustic-gravity oscillations from the air bubble close to the sea surface were analyzed. It was demonstrated that a cylindrical bubble resonator can be towed with maximum speed up to 8 knots. The research gave practical numbers for Q-factor, resonance frequencies and sound pressure levels. The experimental bubble resonator has shown good performance with a maximum SPL close to 200 dB and frequency in a range of 5-20 Hz. The parameters of the underwater bubble resonator were reasonably close to the COMSOL simulations. Application of COMSOL finite element analysis allowed source parameters estimation and avoided a long series of water tests with parameter adjustment. 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引用次数: 3

摘要

人们对频率范围在20赫兹以下的极低频声源越来越感兴趣,如北极冰下声学、远程导航、通信和测温、海底地震剖面等应用。超低频率的声音在从表面到海底覆盖水柱的很远的距离上传播而没有衰减和相干损失。这一问题的另一个方面是如何减少传统气枪对海洋哺乳动物的噪音影响,这一问题越来越受到油气生产商的关注。连贯的声源对海洋哺乳动物来说更安静、更温和。主要的石油公司,壳牌,埃克森和道达尔,正在赞助海洋振动器联合工业项目MVJIP。海洋振动器是一种相干型震源,它对海洋居民的危害较小,并能提供更清晰、更精确和更高分辨率的海底地层、结构和沉积物成像。Teledyne Webb研究公司是MVJIP的参与者之一。Teledyne Webb Research在深水声源开发方面的多年经验表明,由于发射体积速度或孔径面积与线性位移的乘积非常大,因此建造频率低于20 Hz的声源是一项艰巨的任务。当声压级大于200db或1upa时,在5hz周期下的体积位移可达数十升。具有大孔径的刚性或弯曲振动膜片的系统很难建造,而且通常效率不高或带宽很窄。基于可调管风琴的高效扫频声源在150 ~ 2000hz的频宽范围内表现出良好的性能。该技术可能达到70-100 Hz的频率带宽,同时保持高效率。然而,由于管材尺寸的增大,进一步降低频率将很难实现。如此巨大的设计所带来的复杂性要求我们寻找其他更简单的方法来发射水下声音。作为海洋振动器JIP的参与者之一,Teledyne Webb Research正在开发一种基于水下充气气泡谐振器作为极低频地震源的相干地震海洋声源技术。这种创新的系统有望成为大功率、高效、相干的地震震源。充气气泡具有较大的辐射面积,是一种良好的阻抗变压器,具有很高的辐射效率。气泡声源有一个简单的设计,使用一个标准的商业现成的驱动器。弹性膜以大的辐射孔径支持大体积位移,防止空化损伤。大的体积位移和速度支持大的辐射功率。声源在水中具有很小的耦合效应,可以在大型相控阵中协同工作。用弹性材料制成的水下气泡或气球形式的谐振器作为次声换能器,其产生地震波的方式不同于已知的工程解决方案。然而,动力学的物理原理类似于气枪释放的空气的物理原理。球形气泡的动力学方程首先由Rayleigh(1917)和Plesset(1949)推导和使用。在气泡表面条件下,由于表面张力和粘性效应而附加项的动力学方程的最一般形式被广泛地称为瑞利-普莱塞特方程。该方程由一般的Navier-Stokes方程推导而来,它是非线性的,并且包含对高振幅次声振荡很重要的分量。实际的气泡的形状与球形不同。其内部压力振荡与静重力和声重力振荡的差异具有可比性,是其动力学的一部分。实际泡沫的实际q系数比理论的要小。本项目考虑了实际巨泡谐振器的实际问题。本研究包括气泡的简化线性声学模型,以及工程结构和膜材料的完整二维和三维有限元分析。理论研究和计算机模拟预测了Teledyne声学池和伍兹霍尔海洋研究所码头的实验研究。测试了不同种类的驱动程序。膜动力学研究包括重力作用下的气泡形状变形。分析了靠近海面的气泡的声重振荡。实验证明,一个圆柱形气泡谐振器可以以8节的最大速度被拖曳。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Underwater Infra-Sound Resonator for Long Range Acoustics and Seismic Survey
There is a growing interest for a very low frequency sound source in the frequency range below 20 Hz for such applications as Arctic under-ice acoustic, far-range navigation, communications and Thermometry, sub-bottom seismic profiling, et cetera. The ultra-low frequency sound propagates without attenuation and loss of coherency at a very far distance covering the water column from the surface to the ocean floor. Another aspect of the same problem, which has been in an increasing focus of oil and gas producers, is the reducing the impact of noise from traditional air-guns on marine mammals. A coherent sound source can be a quieter and more benign to marine mammals. The major oil companies, Shell, Exxon and Total, are sponsoring are sponsoring the Marine Vibrator Joint Industry Project MVJIP. Marine Vibrators are a coherent type of seismic source, which less harmful for marine inhabitants and gives a clearer, more precise and higher resolution imaging of the bottom formations, structures, and deposits. Teledyne Webb Research is one of the participants in the MVJIP. Teledyne Webb Research has many years of experience in a deep water sound source development showing that to build a sound source with a frequency below 20 Hz is a hard task due to a very large emitted volume velocity or product of aperture area to its linear displacement. For sound pressure level (SPL) larger than 200 dB re 1 uPa at 1 meter the volume displacement at 5 Hz cycle can be tens of liters. Systems with rigid or flexural vibrating diaphragm with a large aperture area are difficult to build, and usually not efficient or have a very narrow bandwidth. Highly efficient frequency sweeping sound sources on the base of tunable organ pipes show very good performance for 150 - 2000 Hz frequency bandwidth. This technology can potentially reach a frequency bandwidth 70-100 Hz, while keeping a high efficiency performance. However, a further decrease of the frequency will be hard to achieve because of the organ pipe growing dimension. The expected complication from such giant design demands us to look for other more simple approaches for underwater sound emitting. As one of the participants in the Marine Vibrator JIP, Teledyne Webb Research is developing a coherent seismic marine sound source technology based on the application of an underwater, gas filled bubble resonator as a very low frequency seismic source. This innovative system is a promising candidate for a high power, highly efficient, and coherent seismic source. The gas-filled bubble offers the large radiating area and was shown to be a good impedance transformer with very high radiation efficiency. The bubble sound source has a simple design using a standard commercial off-the-shelf driver. The elastic membrane supports high volume displacement with a large radiation aperture and prevents cavitation damage. Large volume displacement and velocity support the large radiation power. The sound sources have very small coupling effects in water and can work together in a large phased array. An infra-sound transducer with a resonator in the form of an underwater bubble or balloon made from an elastic material is different from the known engineering solution in the way of seismic wave generating. However, the physics of the dynamics is similar to the physics of air released from an air-gun. The equation of the dynamics of spherical bubbles was first derived and used by Rayleigh (1917) and then Plesset (1949). The most general form of the equation of the dynamics with additional terms due to surface tension and viscous effects in the bubble surface condition is widely known as the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The equation derived from the general Navier-Stokes equation and is non-linear and includes components, which are important for infra-sound oscillations with high amplitude. The practical bubble has a shape different from spherical. Its internal pressure oscillations are comparable with the difference of static gravity forces and acoustic-gravity oscillations and are part of its dynamics. The real Q-factor of a practical bubble is smaller than theoretical. The real problems of a practical giant bubble resonator are considered in the present project. This research includes the simplified linear acoustic model of the bubble and complete 2D and 3D finite-element analysis of an engineering structure and membrane material. The theoretical research and computer simulation predict the experimental research in the Teledyne acoustical pool and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s dock. Different variety of drivers were tested. The membrane dynamics study included bubble shape deformation due to gravitational effects. The acoustic-gravity oscillations from the air bubble close to the sea surface were analyzed. It was demonstrated that a cylindrical bubble resonator can be towed with maximum speed up to 8 knots. The research gave practical numbers for Q-factor, resonance frequencies and sound pressure levels. The experimental bubble resonator has shown good performance with a maximum SPL close to 200 dB and frequency in a range of 5-20 Hz. The parameters of the underwater bubble resonator were reasonably close to the COMSOL simulations. Application of COMSOL finite element analysis allowed source parameters estimation and avoided a long series of water tests with parameter adjustment. The theoretical and experimental research of an underwater gas-filled bubble proved that it is a promising practical approach for a very low frequency sound source, which can find applications for long-range acoustic systems, and as a coherent source for a marine seismic survey.
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