两次世界大战期间的法国氮工业:国家与制造商之间的暧昧关系

M. Llopart
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在第一次世界大战结束时,法国政府抓住机会收购了德国巴斯夫公司的化学工艺,包括哈伯-博世工艺。这项专利使从空气中合成氮成为可能,从而大量生产氮肥。然而,法国实业家拒绝获得这些专利,为了弥补私营部门参与的不足,法国议会于1924年决定创建一家国家工厂(ONIA),这是第一家面临市场竞争的国有工厂。其目的是让ONIA在战争时期为军队提供硝酸,在和平时期以尽可能低的价格出售肥料,以遏制私人工业卡特尔的垄断。因此,本文的目的是研究二战期间法国氮肥市场的建立和组织,通过提出一些关于这一战略部门中国有和私营企业之间模糊和复杂关系的问题。为什么由ONIA发起的国家政策一开始并不成功?从1927年到1928年,一旦ONIA开始运作,公共和私人参与者为什么以及如何联合组织肥料的营销,即使他们的利益部分不同?从20世纪30年代的经济危机开始,这种混合市场的监管是如何演变的?公共/私人的紧张关系是如何克服的?在法国的案例中,为什么法国生产商很早就离开了国际卡特尔,转而支持国家保护主义?最后,在多大程度上可以说,这种“管理经济”框架成功地满足了法国氮工业的所有参与者?
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The French Nitrogen Industry during the Interwar Period: The Ambiguous Relationship between the State and Manufacturers
Abstract At the end of the First World War, the French government seized the opportunity to acquire the chemical processes of the German firm BASF, including the Haber-Bosch process. This patent made it possible to synthesize nitrogen from the air and thus produce nitrogen fertilizers in large quantities. French industrialists, however, refused to acquire these patents, and to make up for this lack of private sector involvement, the French Parliament decided in 1924 to create a national plant (ONIA), which became the first state-owned plant to be exposed to market competition. The intention was for the ONIA to supply the army with nitric acid in times of war, and, in peacetime, to sell fertilizers at the lowest possible prices in order to curb the monopoly of the private industry cartel. The purpose of this article is therefore to study the establishment and organisation of the French market for nitrogen fertilisers during the inter-war period by raising a number of questions about the ambiguous and complex relations between the state and private industry in this strategic sector. Why was the state policy initiated with the ONIA not successful at first? From 1927-1928, once the ONIA was operational, why and how did the public and private players jointly organise the marketing of fertilisers even though their interests were partially divergent? From the economic crisis of the 1930s onwards, how did the regulation of this mixed market evolve and how were public/private tensions overcome? In the French case, why did French producers leave the international cartel very early on in favour of state protectionism? And finally, to what extent can it be said that this “managed economy” framework succeeded in satisfying all the players in the French nitrogen industry?
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