乌克兰人向斯洛伐克的移民:趋势和前景

О. Malynovska
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引用次数: 0

摘要

近年来,在乌克兰移民的目的地国家中,邻近的中欧国家的作用显著增加。COVID-19大流行造成的隔离限制加剧了这一趋势,因为事实证明,前往包括斯洛伐克在内的邻国旅行更安全,也更容易实施。虽然向斯洛伐克的移徙人数远低于乌克兰与维谢格拉德集团其他国家之间的移徙人数,但这是分析该区域一般移徙趋势的一个很有说明意义的例子。由于领土和文化的接近,增加了邻国对国外额外劳动力的需求,以及其移民政策的逐渐自由化,它正在迅速增长。乌克兰公民前往斯洛伐克主要是为了就业,向邻国的教育移民正在增加,一些搬迁具有商业性质。乌克兰移民到斯洛伐克的后果是模糊的。一方面,它促进了更密切的国际关系,发展合作,知识和经验的转移,但另一方面,它导致乌克兰劳动力潜力的丧失,国内劳动活动的减少,它与我国公民在国外非正规经济中的就业,侵犯其劳动权利的风险以及缺乏社会保护有关。本文的目的是分析乌克兰人向斯洛伐克迁移的趋势和特点,证明两国在调节人口流动(劳动力、教育、贸易)方面进行互利合作的优先事项是合理的。要做到这一点,一般的科学认知方法被使用:系统,比较,结构-功能。这项研究的新颖之处在于,利用现有的最新统计和事实数据,确定了乌克兰和斯洛伐克之间移民过程的现代特征。根据结果,得出的结论是,两国都有兴趣将跨境移民转化为法律领域,确保人员有序和安全的流动。与此同时,乌克兰的主要利益在于,人口的积极流动不会引起邻国生活水平差距的进一步加深,从而促进发展的活力。这需要在两个主要领域采取行动:维持循环移徙模式,作为永久移徙的替代办法,防止劳动力和智力潜力的最终丧失;为利用移徙者的收入、获得的知识和经验创造条件,为扩大业务建立社会关系,在乌克兰创造就业机会,从而为减少劳工移徙、遣返移徙者提供先决条件。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Migration of Ukrainians to Slovakia: Trends and Prospects
In recent years, the role of neighboring Central European countries has increased significantly among the countries where Ukrainian migrants are destined. The quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have intensified this trend, as travel to neighboring countries, including to Slovakia, proved to be safer and easier to implement. Although the volume of migration to Slovakia is much lower than that observed between Ukraine and other countries of the Visegrad Group, this is quite an illustrative example for the analysis of general migration trends in the region. It is growing rapidly due to territorial and cultural proximity, increasing the needs of the neighboring country for additional labor from abroad, the gradual liberalization of its migration policy. Citizens of Ukraine travel to Slovakia primarily for employment, educational migration to the neighboring state is increasing, and some of the relocations are of a commercial nature. The consequences of Ukrainian migration to Slovakia are ambiguous. On the one hand, it promotes closer international relations, development of cooperation, transfer of knowledge and experience, but, on the other hand, leads to the loss of Ukraine’s labor potential, reduced labor activity at home, it is associated with employment of our citizens in the informal economy abroad, risks of violating their labor rights, lack of social protection. The purpose of this article is to analyze trends and determine the peculiarities of migration of Ukrainians to Slovakia, justifying the priorities of mutually beneficial cooperation for both countries to regulate the mobility (labor, education, trade) of the population. To achieve this, general scientific methods of cognition are used: systemic, comparative, structural-functional. The novelty of the study is provided by the identification of modern features of migration processes between Ukraine and Slovakia using the latest available statistical and factual data. According to the results, it is concluded that both countries are interested in translating cross-border migration into the legal sphere, ensuring orderly and safe movement of people. At the same time, the main interest for Ukraine is that the active mobility of the population does not provoke further deepening of disparities in the living standards of neighboring countries, contributes to the dynamization of development. This requires action in two main areas: maintaining the model of circular migration as an alternative to permanent migration, a safeguard against the final loss of labor and intellectual potential; creating conditions for the use of migrants’ earnings, knowledge and experience gained, social ties established for business expansion, job creation in Ukraine and, accordingly, providing preconditions for reducing labor migration, repatriation of migrants.
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