Transformer Loss of Life Mitigation by Coordinating Energy Storage, EV charging, and PV Generation at Consumer Sites

Although the penetration of electric vehicles is relatively low today, it is expected to grow in the future, particularly in urban areas exposed to excessive tail-pipe pollution. In some urban areas, this growth may be faster due to a concentrated EV adoption in affluent neighborhoods; hence, the grid power transformers in such areas may be at risk of accelerated ageing. This impact can be mitigated by using consumer-owned battery energy storage and photovoltaic generation. We propose a coordination approach of utilizing such assets not only to support the distribution grid and maximize consumer profit, but also to mitigate the ageing of the distribution transformers. A case study of electric vehicle high penetration consequences is illustrated using data for an urban area of the city of Bryan/College Station in Texas. EV charging data in a residential area were synthesized using a Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the economic impact of optimal EV charging is studied.