Emerging Applications of 3D Integration and Approximate Computing in High-Performance Computing Systems: Unique Security Vulnerabilities

High-performance computing (HPC) systems rely on new technologies such as emerging devices, advanced integration techniques, and computing architecture to continue advancing performance. The adoption of new techniques could potentially leave high-performance computing systems vulnerable to new security threats. This work analyzes the security challenges in the HPC systems that employ three-dimensional integrated circuits and approximating computing. Case studies are provided to show the impact of new security threats on the system integrity and highlight the urgent need for new security measures.