雅鲁藏布江下游河漫滩湿地生态系统对气候和人为因素的脆弱性

D. Debnath, B. Bhattacharjya, S. Yengkokpam, U. Sarkar, P. Paul, B. K. Das
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本研究评估了印度阿萨姆邦布拉马普特拉河谷下游16个洪泛平原湿地在一系列自然和人为因素(包括气候变化)下的脆弱性。所选后跟的总展水面积变化很大(8 ~ 50 ha),其中68.75%的后跟在过去30年中出现了展水面积的减少。高水平的淤积和道路建设对边缘地区的侵蚀和剥离是造成水洼面积减少的主要因素。据观察,三个比尔(Raghunath Sora, Chulkani和Dudua比尔)的减少幅度超过33%,而Bhoishpuri比尔的减少幅度为83%。此外,其中一个(Chulkani)的深水池面积减少,这是一个重要的湿地区域,在旱季为产卵鱼提供庇护。只有12.5%的渔村进行了圈养(围栏)养殖。没有一个进行笼养。我们的研究表明,只有两个脚跟(Bhoishpuri和Tariachora)没有外来鱼类;其余调查报告的外来物种有鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙鱼(H. nobilis)和梭鱼(Piaractus brachypomus)。外来鱼类在大部分湿地中普遍存在(由于洪水期间从附近的水产养殖池塘中逃逸和某些湿地有意放养),这将对这些湿地中本地鱼类的多样性产生不利影响。从与渔民的讨论来看,50%的被调查地区的鱼类种类数量比10-20年前有所减少。除了与气候变化有关的因素(如异常降雨、洪水或类似干旱的情况)外,其他因素——自然因素(如营养过剩)和人为因素(如道路、房屋和其他结构的建设)——也对所研究的湿地产生不利影响。为了帮助应对这些因素,提高渔民的适应能力,提出了四项缓解措施。这些是:圈地养殖的做法;漂浮大型植物避难所(katal)的建设深池避难所;以及具有气候适应能力的本地鱼类种群增加计划。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Ecosystem vulnerability of floodplain wetlands of the Lower Brahmaputra Valley to climatic and anthropogenic factors
This study assessed the vulnerability of 16 floodplain wetlands (beels) of the Lower Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India, in relation to a range of natural and anthropogenic factors including climate change. The total water-spread area of the selected beels varied widely (8–50 ha), with 68.75% of the beels showing a reduction in water-spread area over the past 30 years. High levels of siltation and encroachment and detachment of marginal areas through the construction of roads were the major factors responsible for the reduction in the water-spread area of the beels. The reduction was observed to be in the range of over 33% in three beels (Raghunath Sora, Chulkani, and Dudua beel) to 83% in Bhoishpuri beel. In addition, one beel (Chulkani) experienced reduction in its deep pool area, which is an important wetland area that provides shelter to brood fishes during the dry season. Only 12.5% of the beels studied practiced enclosure (pen) culture for rearing fish. None practiced cage culture. Our study showed that only two beels (Bhoishpuri and Tariachora) were free from exotic fishes; the remaining surveyed beels reported exotic species such as, Cyprinus carpio (Common Carp), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass Carp), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver Carp), H. nobilis (Bighead Carp) and Piaractus brachypomus (Pacu). The prevalence of exotic fishes in the majority of the beels (due both to escape from nearby aquaculture ponds during floods and intentional stocking in certain beels) would have adversely affected the diversity of indigenous fishes in those wetlands. From discussion with the fishers, 50% of the beels surveyed experienced a reduction in the number of fish species from that recorded 10–20 years ago. In addition to climate change-related factors (e.g. abnormal rains, floods, or drought-like situations), other factors – both natural (e.g. hyper-nutrification) and anthropogenic (e.g. construction of roads, houses, and other structures) – also adversely affected the studied wetlands. To help cope with these factors and increase the adaptive capacity of fishers, four measures aimed at mitigation are suggested. These are: the practice of enclosure aquaculture in beels; the construction of floating macrophyte refuges (katal); deep pool refuges; and stock enhancement programmes with climate-resilient indigenous fishes.
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