The contribution of population genetic studies to plant conservation

Summary The objective of this paper is to outline the diverse ways in which population genetic analysis can be used to develop effective species conservation policies. Studies of the geographic distribution of genetic markers have provided us with novel insights into the origins of the Scottish flora. The results reinforce the need for a conservation policy that embraces change over time. Investigations of quantitative characters have demonstrated the existence of substantial local adaptation of plant populations within Scotland. This has implications for conservation management involving transplantation and restoration. Analysis of the diversity and distribution of genetic markers within populations of rare and declining Scottish species have highlighted populations that are of particular conservation concern, and assisted in developing management guidelines for these species. Current research centres on understanding and modelling the genetic behaviour of fragmented populations. Key issues include the ability of such populations to produce seed of high genetic quality, and the extent to which gene flow via pollen and seed can take place between populations. These genetic processes are crucial for facilitating adaptive responses to environmental change, and will be major determinants of the ability of fragmented populations to persist in the future.