Geiger-mode Avalanche Photodiode (GmAPD) arrays for single photon non-conventional imaging

Availability of multi-pixel short-wave infra-red (SWIR) Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GmAPD) light detection and ranging (LIDAR) receivers have enabled unique detection and imaging capabilities in commercial and government platforms. Specific applications of this technology include long range target detection, acquisition, tracking, 3D mapping, optical communication, as well as intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions capable of passive, direct, and coherent detection. This work will review the status of SWIR GmAPD cameras for various system applications. Technical specifications of the synchronous and asynchronous cameras enabled by high detector sensitivity and low dark count rate will be presented. Furthermore, details of camera functions and detector experimental performance (e. g. Format, Photon Detection Efficiency, Dark Count Rate, Wavelength, Timing) will be discussed. Combining single photon sensitive pixels, each capable of precise photon arrival timing enables LIDAR systems capable of unparalleled engagement ranges and non-conventional imaging methods. Range-echo imaging, non-line of sight detection, and other novel sensing techniques will be discussed specifically in systems challenged by platform’s size, weight, and power (SWaP). Application of measured Geiger-mode performance in various extended range scenarios will be reviewed for ground, tactical, space, and surveillance applications.