A Protected Landmark Monument: Reinforcement, Rehabilitation, and Restoration of the Cathedral Basilica of Manizales

. The Cathedral Basilica of Manizales is one of the most representative buildings of the so-called "republican architecture", boosted in a remarkable and singular way after the fires of the 1920s in the city of Manizales, Colombia. Its "eclectic neo-gothic" design was made in Paris, after the fire that destroyed the city's previous cathedral in 1926. This masterpiece of Colombian architecture turned ninety years old in 2018 after the first stone was laid in 1928. Its construction was carried out in "reinforced cement"; few decades after the appearance of reinforced concrete. During its ninety years, the cathedral suffered earthquakes of high intensity, in 1938, 1962 and 1979, which have significantly compromised its structure. Earthquake-resistant rehabilitation studies to preserve the temple, declared a National Monument in 1984, were promoted at the end of the 1990s. They were the diagnosis of the structural conditions of seismic vulnerability and how it could be provided a greater capacity of response in terms of stiffness, resistance and dissipation of energy, as well as the diagnosis of the state and pathology of the materials. This included geotechnical studies of seismic amplification, dynamic behavior using environmental vibrations, 3D virtual modeling, and structural analysis, even with finite elements. For the reinforcement, the intervention of the base of the central spire was proposed, the control of the stability of the four corner spires, the construction of new structural walls joined in strategic