Conclusion

This chapter reviews Mayor Michael Bloomberg's policy mix of economic and social investment. It uses urban theory to help explain how Bloomberg, who exemplified a strong leader with considerable skills, sometimes failed to meet his own objectives because of external constraints. It also discusses how Bloomberg's own limitations accounted for some of his failures, such as his reluctance to step in when his commissioners were inadequate to the task, causing further problems. The chapter emphasizes how Michael Bloomberg governed differently as he brought business discipline and analytics to running a global city. It refers to Bloomberg's greatest contribution, which was his enthusiastic embrace of all people regardless of ethnicity, race, or religion.