东地中海僧侣的工作:理想与现实

Ewa Wipszycka
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摘要

本文试图回答的主要问题如下:既然在新约中发现了两条关于工作的不一致的戒律,那么僧侣们的行为是怎样的?一条戒律将工作视为一种责任,另一条则建议不要在意自己的保养。僧侣们的行为要么遵循第一条戒律,要么遵循第二条戒律。由于四世纪发生的争论,人们普遍认为工作是更好的选择。对我们来说,重要的是要弄清楚,在什么时候、在什么情况下,大多数东方僧侣运动做出了这种选择。同样重要的是,看看古代晚期的僧侣们用了什么论点来解决这两个不和谐的戒律之间的冲突。这场冲突使许多人担心,并使一场似乎已经结束的争端重新开始。赞成修道工作的理由一般有两种:僧侣可以而且应该同时祈祷和工作,以满足这两种戒律;修道士应该为了布施而工作,这赋予了工作一种超越直接用途的意义。在实际实践中,同时祈祷和工作并不总是可行的,但这并没有困扰禁欲主义论文的作者。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Monks at work in Eastern Mediterranean: Ideals and reality
The main question that the present paper tries to answer is as fol- lows: since two discordant precepts concerning work were to be found in the New Testament, how did monks behave? One precept treated work as a duty, the other recommended not to care about one’s maintenance. The monks followed in their behaviour either the first or the second precept. As a result of disputes that took place in the fourth century the opinion prevailed that work was the better choice. It is important for us to find out when and under what circumstances that choice was done by the majority of the monastic movement in the East. It is also important to see what arguments were used by the monks of Late Antiquity in order to settle the conflict between the two discordant precepts. This conflict worried many and caused a renewal of a dispute that seemed to have been closed. Two ways of reasoning in favour of monastic work were generally used: monks might and should pray and work at the same time, satisfying both precepts; monks ought to work in order to be able to give alms, and this conferred to work a meaning that went beyond immediate usefulness. Praying and working at the same time was not always feasible in actual practice, but this did not bother authors of ascetic treatises.
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