Acupuncture and Spinal Stenosis: Considerations for Treatment.

Acupuncture has been a staple of Eastern medicine for thousands of years. Recent evidence has shown that benefits for spinal stenosis are strong. In this comprehensive review, we overview the history and available literature. We discuss how the techniques have evolved and the clinical utility. The process and progression of spinal stenosis is addressed. We discuss mechanism of action for acupuncture as well as relevant treatment implications. This is important in alleviating pain and providing strong quality of life. We highlight both the findings in the pre-operative, peri-operative, and post-operative periods. Finally, the pre-clinical data provides compelling evidence in terms of novel pathways being targeted. This resource will serve as a user-friendly guide for the clinician and scientist regarding this important topic. It will be the catalyst of ongoing investigation from both the clinical and pre-clinical side.