Bovine sarcocystosis: Sarcocystis species, diagnosis, prevalence, economic and public health considerations, and association of Sarcocystis species with eosinophilic myositis in cattle

IF 3.7 2区 医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY
J.P. Dubey, B.M. Rosenthal
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

Infections by Sarcocystis in cattle are ubiquitous worldwide. There is considerable debate concerning the identity of Sarcocystis spp. in cattle. Proper diagnosis of Sarcocystis spp. is important to assess their economic and public health importance. Currently there are seven named species: Sarcocystis hirsuta, Sarcocystis cruzi, Sarcocystis hominis, Sarcocystis bovifelis, arcocystis heydorni, Sarcocystis bovini and Sarcocystis rommeli. Additionally, there are unnamed Sarcocystis spp. Two species, S. hominis and S. heydorni, are zoonotic. One out of seven species (S. hirsuta, contracted from cats) forms macroscopic cysts which can be visible during carcass inspection. Current molecular characterization is based on DNA extracted from sarcocysts from naturally infected cattle because DNA was not characterized from tissues of experimentally infected cattle or feces of experimentally infected definitive hosts. Sarcocystis cruzi (transmitted via canids) is recognized as the most pathogenic species and it causes abortion, low milk yield, poor body growth, and outbreaks of clinical sarcocystosis and death. Additionally, Sarcocystis infections have been linked to an inflammatory condition of striated muscles termed bovine eosinophilic myositis (BEM). Cattle affected by BEM appear clinically normal. Diagnosis of BEM at slaughter occurs when inspecting the carcass surface, or once the carcass has been divided into prime cuts or quarters. Sex and breed have no apparent influence on prevalence of BEM. The condition evidently occurs with equal frequency in steers, cows, and heifers. Virtually all striated muscles can be affected including skeletal muscles, the muscles of the eye, larynx, and the heart. In the USA, regulations require condemnation of BEM-affected parts, or (in severe cases) the entire carcass. These aesthetic considerations result in economic losses. Cattle experimentally infected with Sarcocystis did not have BEM at slaughter. Here, we review the status of Sarcocystis spp. and BEM in cattle including prevalence, lesions, epidemiology, and association of BEM with different species of Sarcocystis.

Abstract Image

牛肌孢子虫病:牛的肌孢子虫种类、诊断、流行率、经济和公共卫生考虑因素,以及肌孢子虫与嗜酸性肌炎的关系
牛的肉孢子虫感染在世界范围内普遍存在。关于肉孢子虫在牛身上的特性,存在着相当大的争论。正确诊断Sarcocystis spp.对评估其经济和公共卫生重要性很重要。目前有七个命名物种:多毛肉孢子虫、克鲁兹肉孢子虫,人身肉孢子虫和牛肉孢子虫。此外,还有未命名的Sarcocystis spp.两个物种,S.homonis和S.heydorni,是人畜共患的。七分之一的物种(S.hirsuta,从猫身上感染)会形成肉眼可见的囊肿,在检查尸体时可以看到。目前的分子表征是基于从自然感染牛的肌囊肿中提取的DNA,因为DNA不是从实验感染牛的组织或实验感染的最终宿主的粪便中表征的。克鲁兹肉孢子虫(通过犬科动物传播)被认为是最具致病性的物种,它会导致流产、产奶量低、身体生长不良,并引发临床上的肌囊肿病和死亡。此外,Sarcocystis感染与一种称为牛嗜酸性肌炎(BEM)的横纹肌炎症有关。受BEM影响的牛在临床上表现正常。屠宰时BEM的诊断发生在检查胴体表面时,或者一旦胴体被划分为主要切口或四分之一。性别和品种对BEM患病率没有明显影响。显然,这种情况在公牛、奶牛和小母牛身上发生的频率相同。几乎所有的横纹肌都会受到影响,包括骨骼肌、眼睛、喉咙和心脏的肌肉。在美国,法规要求谴责受BEM影响的部分,或(在严重情况下)整个胴体。这些美学考虑导致了经济损失。实验感染肉孢子虫的牛在屠宰时没有BEM。在此,我们综述了牛中肉孢子虫属和BEM的状况,包括流行率、病变、流行病学以及BEM与不同种类的肉孢子虫的关系。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.40
自引率
2.50%
发文量
76
审稿时长
23 days
期刊介绍: International Journal for Parasitology offers authors the option to sponsor nonsubscriber access to their articles on Elsevier electronic publishing platforms. For more information please view our Sponsored Articles page. The International Journal for Parasitology publishes the results of original research in all aspects of basic and applied parasitology, including all the fields covered by its Specialist Editors, and ranging from parasites and host-parasite relationships of intrinsic biological interest to those of social and economic importance in human and veterinary medicine and agriculture.
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