Seals, fish, humans and parasites in the Baltic: ecology, evolution and history.

IF 1.5 4区 医学 Q3 PARASITOLOGY
Kurt Buchmann
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Evolutionary and ecological processes affecting the interactions between hosts and parasites in the aquatic environment are at display in the Baltic Sea, a young and ecologically unstable marine ecosystem, where fluctuating abiotic and biotic factors affect the parasitofauna in fish. The dynamic infections of Baltic cod, a subpopulation of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus), with third stage anisakid nematode larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) and Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802) have increased following a significant increase of the Baltic grey seal Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius) population in the region. Cod serves as a paratenic host and marine mammals, pinnipeds, are definitive hosts releasing parasite eggs, with faeces, to the marine environment, where embryonation and hatching of the third stage larva take place. The parasite has no obligate intermediate hosts, but various invertebrates, smaller fish and cod act as paratenic hosts transmitting the infection to the seal. Contracaecum osculatum has an impact on the physiological performance of the cod, which optimises transmission of the larva from fish to seal. Thus, a muscle mass decrease of nearly 50% may result from heavy C. osculatum infections, probably amplified by a restricted food availability. The muscle atrophy is likely to reduce the escape reactions of the fish when meeting a foraging seal. In certain regions, where fish and seals are restricted in their migration patterns, such as the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea, the predation may contribute to a severe cod stock depletion. The parasites are zoonotic and represent a human health risk, when consumers ingest insufficiently heat- or freeze-treated infected products. Marked infections of the cod were previously reported during periods with elevated seal populations (late 19th and middle 20th century) and various scenarios for management of risk factors are evaluated in an evolutionary context.

波罗的海的海豹、鱼、人类和寄生虫:生态、进化和历史。
影响水生环境中宿主和寄生虫之间相互作用的进化和生态过程在波罗的海这一年轻和生态不稳定的海洋生态系统中得到展示,其中波动的非生物和生物因素影响鱼类中的寄生动物群。随着该地区波罗的海灰海豹数量的显著增加,大西洋鳕鱼亚种群波罗的海鳕鱼(Gadus morhua Linnaeus)对Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878)和Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802)第三期大虫线虫幼虫的动态感染有所增加。鳕鱼是副生殖宿主,而海洋哺乳动物鳍足类是最终宿主,它们将寄生虫卵和粪便一起释放到海洋环境中,在海洋环境中进行第三期幼虫的胚胎和孵化。这种寄生虫没有特定的中间宿主,但各种无脊椎动物、较小的鱼类和鳕鱼作为副宿主,将感染传播给海豹。隐缩绦虫对鳕鱼的生理性能有影响,从而优化了幼虫从鱼到海豹的传播。因此,肌肉质量减少近50%可能是由于严重的镰状梭菌感染,可能由于食物供应受限而加剧。当遇到觅食的海豹时,肌肉萎缩可能会减少鱼的逃跑反应。在某些地区,鱼类和海豹的迁徙模式受到限制,如半封闭的波罗的海,捕食可能导致鳕鱼资源严重枯竭。这些寄生虫是人畜共患的,当消费者摄入加热或冷冻处理不足的受感染产品时,会对人类健康构成威胁。在海豹数量增加的时期(19世纪末和20世纪中叶),曾报道过鳕鱼的明显感染,并在进化背景下评估了各种风险因素管理方案。
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来源期刊
Folia Parasitologica
Folia Parasitologica 医学-寄生虫学
CiteScore
2.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
25
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: FOLIA PARASITOLOGICA, issued in online versions, is an international journal that covers the whole field of general, systematic, ecological and experimental parasitology. It publishes original research papers, research notes and review articles. Contributions from all branches of animal parasitology, such as morphology, taxonomy, biology, biochemistry, physiology, immunology, molecular biology and evolution of parasites, and host-parasite relationships, are eligible. Novelty and importance in the international (not local or regional) context are required. New geographical records of parasites, records of new hosts, regional parasite and/or host surveys (if they constitute the principal substance of manuscript), local/regional prevalence surveys of diseases, local/regional studies on epidemiology of well known diseases and of parasite impact on human/animal health, case reports, routine clinical studies and testing of established diagnostic or treatment procedures, will not be considered. One species description will also not be considered unless they include more general information, such as new diagnostic characters, host-parasite associations, phylogenetic implications, etc. Manuscripts found suitable on submission will be reviewed by at least two reviewers.
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