Complex strategies: an integrative analysis of contests in Siamese fighting fish.

IF 16.4 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Kyriacos Kareklas, Hansjoerg P Kunc, Gareth Arnott
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Animals use contests to attain resources and employ strategic decisions to minimise contest costs. These decisions are defined by behavioural response to resource value and competitive ability, but remain poorly understood. This is because the two factors are typically studied separately. Also, their study relies on overgeneralised assumptions that (i) strategies are fixed, (ii) modulated by the motivation or drive to fight and (iii) used to manage costs proportional to the timing of the loser's retreat. To address these problems, we adopt an integrative sequential analysis that incorporates competitive ability and resource value factors, to characterise territorial contest decisions in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens).

Results: Individuals exhibited a chronological organisation of behaviour, engaging opponents first with frontal display, then switching to lateral display before deciding to attack, and reserved retreats for later stages. Using asymmetries in retreats as a proxy for outcome, the likelihood of winning was found to be mostly dependent on display. However, resource and contest conditions affected initiation latency, display, attack and retreat, suggesting that strategic decisions influence all behaviour. Overall, sequential behaviour varied consistently with individual aggressiveness and resource-value factors, and increasingly with information on competitive ability collected during the contest. This enabled shifts in tactics, such as disadvantaged individuals responding first with aggression and later with submission. Motivation to continue fighting, after interruption by startle, was also adjusted to information gathered during the contest and progressively with energetic state. Two clusters of correlated behaviours were identified, cost-mitigation (display and retreat) and escalation (initiation and attack), but changes in motivation were associated only with cost mitigation.

Conclusions: Our findings contrast dominant assumptions that strategic decisions are fixed, controlled by motivational state and sufficiently described by outcome-dependent measures. We instead demonstrate that strategic decisions are complex, comprising functional changes in assessment, information use and motivational effects, which are not always inter-dependent.

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复杂策略:暹罗斗鱼比赛的综合分析。
背景:动物通过竞争获得资源,并采用战略决策将竞争成本降至最低。这些决策是由对资源价值和竞争能力的行为反应来定义的,但人们对这些决策的理解仍然很少。这是因为这两个因素通常是分开研究的。此外,他们的研究依赖于过于笼统的假设,即:(i)战略是固定的,(ii)由战斗的动机或驱动力调节,(iii)用于管理与失败者撤退时间成正比的成本。为了解决这些问题,我们采用了整合竞争能力和资源价值因素的综合序列分析,以表征雄性暹罗斗鱼(Betta splendens)的领土竞争决策。结果:个体表现出按时间顺序组织的行为,在决定攻击之前,首先用正面展示对抗对手,然后切换到侧面展示,并为以后的阶段保留撤退。利用撤退中的不对称作为结果的代理,发现获胜的可能性主要取决于展示。然而,资源和竞争条件会影响启动延迟、展示、进攻和撤退,这表明战略决策会影响所有行为。总体而言,顺序行为与个人侵略性和资源价值因素一致,并且随着比赛中收集到的竞争能力信息而变化。这使得策略发生了变化,例如弱势个体首先以攻击反应,然后以屈服反应。在被惊吓打断后,继续战斗的动机也会随着比赛中收集到的信息而逐渐调整,并逐渐进入精力充沛的状态。确定了两组相关行为,即成本缓解(展示和撤退)和升级(发起和攻击),但动机的变化仅与成本缓解相关。结论:我们的研究结果对比了主流假设,即战略决策是固定的,由动机状态控制,并通过结果依赖度量充分描述。相反,我们证明战略决策是复杂的,包括评估、信息使用和激励效应方面的功能变化,这些变化并不总是相互依赖的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Accounts of Chemical Research
Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
31.40
自引率
1.10%
发文量
312
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.
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