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{"title":"Genetic and epigenetic effects in sex determination","authors":"Sezgin Ozgur Gunes, Asli Metin Mahmutoglu, Ashok Agarwal","doi":"10.1002/bdrc.21146","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sex determination is a complex and dynamic process with multiple genetic and environmental causes, in which germ and somatic cells receive various sex-specific features. During the fifth week of fetal life, the bipotential embryonic gonad starts to develop in humans. In the bipotential gonadal tissue, certain cell groups start to differentiate to form the ovaries or testes. Despite considerable efforts and advances in identifying the mechanisms playing a role in sex determination and differentiation, the underlying mechanisms of the exact functions of many genes, gene–gene interactions, and epigenetic modifications that are involved in different stages of this cascade are not completely understood. This review aims at discussing current data on the genetic effects via genes and epigenetic mechanisms that affect the regulation of sex determination. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:321–336, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":55352,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","volume":"108 4","pages":"321-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/bdrc.21146","citationCount":"19","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Birth Defects Research Part C-Embryo Today-Reviews","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdrc.21146","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q","JCRName":"Medicine","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
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Abstract
Sex determination is a complex and dynamic process with multiple genetic and environmental causes, in which germ and somatic cells receive various sex-specific features. During the fifth week of fetal life, the bipotential embryonic gonad starts to develop in humans. In the bipotential gonadal tissue, certain cell groups start to differentiate to form the ovaries or testes. Despite considerable efforts and advances in identifying the mechanisms playing a role in sex determination and differentiation, the underlying mechanisms of the exact functions of many genes, gene–gene interactions, and epigenetic modifications that are involved in different stages of this cascade are not completely understood. This review aims at discussing current data on the genetic effects via genes and epigenetic mechanisms that affect the regulation of sex determination. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:321–336, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
性别决定中的遗传和表观遗传效应
性别决定是一个复杂的动态过程，受多种遗传和环境因素的影响，其中生殖细胞和体细胞具有各种性别特异性特征。在胎儿生命的第五周，人类的双潜能胚胎性腺开始发育。在双势性腺组织中，某些细胞群开始分化形成卵巢或睾丸。尽管在确定性别决定和分化的机制方面取得了相当大的努力和进展，但许多基因的确切功能的潜在机制，基因-基因相互作用，以及参与这一级联不同阶段的表观遗传修饰尚未完全了解。本文综述了影响性别决定调控的基因和表观遗传机制的遗传效应。出生缺陷研究(C辑)(8):331 - 336,2016。©2016 Wiley期刊公司
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